I was reading the Comptia network+ All in One Guide by Mike Meyers, and I came across this line:


"The application layer does not refer to the applications themselves, rather it refers to the code built into the Operating System that enables making network aware applications."


So my question is, do the functions like connect, bind, listen comprise of the application layer ?

What is the application layer specifically?

What is the technical difference between a process and a thread?

I get the feeling a word like 'process' is overused and there are also hardware and software threads. How about light-weight processes in languages like Erlang? Is there a definitive reason to use one term over the other?

What is the difference between a process and a thread?

I have a 30 character string going into an MD5 generator. I know the first 20 characters are always the same and the last 10 are the ones im providing to the program.

Now the program will aways strcmp the result of the MD5 to a pregiven hash. For example:

base_string: aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
user_input: bbbbbbbbbb
result: aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbb

hash = MD5(result)
strcmp(hash, expected_hash)

Is it possible to actually create a rainbow table from this information or reverse expected_hash in any way? Knowing that I can clearly see hash and expected_hash values using ltrace.

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