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Does / can a web browser (or web server) cache the file based on its content rather than name?

I am in a project where css files have in many cases the same, or heavily similar content, but are named differently due to their name being autogenerated based on url segments.

I wonder if I can attach a form of a hash to some of the html link elements that could instruct the web browser that it should use its content hash as a caching strategy.

I do not want user to redownload the whole css deps on every page, or do some prefetches since it would them a mobile transfer.